The Soil Sensor uses a combination of sensing technologies to measure key soil parameters in real time. Soil moisture is measured using Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR), where changes in the soil’s dielectric properties are used to determine water content. Soil temperature is measured using an embedded thermistor whose electrical resistance varies with temperature. Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH are measured using electrochemical sensors that detect soil’s ionic properties. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) values are estimated indirectly from measured soil conductivity and related soil characteristics. The collected signals are processed and transmitted digitally via the Modbus-RTU communication protocol for continuous soil monitoring.